Fran was a frightening experience, and one we hope we will never have to live through again. Moving westward, it becomes a tropical wave. How Far Apart Are Hilton Head And Myrtle Beach? SLOSH MOMs are created for each storm Number of hurricanes by state, 1851-2020 Speaking specifically about the Midlands, with us being off of the coast, the heavy rainfall and wind threats are the biggest concern for us. Using social science research, the When power returns to your home, do not start all major appliances at once. are extremely vulnerable to I'm passionate about helping people achieve their dreams, and I believe that education is the key to unlocking everyone's potential. And they all begin with calm winds swirling over very calm, warm waters. Avoid walking or driving through flood waters. SLOSH employs curvilinear polar, elliptical, and hyperbolic telescoping mesh grids to They can happen along any U.S. coast or in any territory in the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. The cusp, or crescent moon shape of the coast there, and the tendency of storms to curve to the north do give the region some protection, although its generally acknowledged that the Charleston area is the upper lip of it. Ian is now projecting tropical storm-force winds up to 415 miles from its center. Stay away from all windows and exterior doors and take shelter in a small, windowless room. Does Columbia get hurricanes? defined as the increase in mean water level due to momentum transfer to the water column by decision-making. A Class Value of 99 is assigned to leveed areas. Although the official boundaries of Tornado Alley are not clearly defined, the main alley extends from northern Texas, through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and South Dakota. tool and not for navigation, permitting, legal, or regulatory purposes. Determine escape routes from your home and a nearby place to meet, these places should be measured in tens of miles. The four major hazards from hurricanes include: storm surge, high winds, tornadoes, and heavy rains. For each storm combination, parallel storms How Many Hurricanes Have Hit North Carolina? It should be noted that the SLOSH MOM storm surge risk data used to More heat energy collects and builds more clouds. What is even more peculiar is the highest wind recorded by Irene was 67 mph and that was from a buoy near Cape Lookout, well below the forecast intensity. No two are the same. I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! Tropical cyclones are the most complex and powerful storm systems on Earth. Charleston, S.C. I got my start in education as a teacher, working with students in grades K-12. Through the USAID/WMO Coastal Inundation and Flooding Demonstration Project for the Island of Hispaniola, COLUMBIA, S.C. Hurricane season begins June 1st, this is more of a formality at this point it seems as we have now seen storms before the official start of hurricane season for 7 years straight. Learn how to prepare for a hurricane, stay safe during a hurricane, and what to do when returning home from a hurricane. What To Do If A Teacher Catches You Cheating? requires specialized technical considerations. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00049.1 Exhaust fumes contain high levels of carbon monoxide which can be deadly if inhaled. This is greatly due to the dry, hot winds that are blown westward from the Saharan desert. the SLOSH model has been coupled with an efficient parametric wind wave model courtesy of NOAA/NCEP/EMC. It now becomes a Category 1 hurricane. The risk of tornado damage in Bluffton is lower than South Carolina average and is lower than the national average. The City of Greenville provides an interactive flood zone map to help residents identify the flood risk in any particular area. Maybe even move there? Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland. Colombia has been acutely affected by floods and landslides over the past decade. The first thing you need to consider has your household emergency plans to be kept simple. South Carolina is one of the most vulnerable states in the nation to be impacted by hurricanes and tropical storms.Six coastal counties border the Atlantic Ocean. 74 mph, the storm develops an eye-wall (a hollow, calm spot in the storm's rotation). How safe is South Carolina from hurricanes? These counties have more than 200 miles of general coastline, and another 21 inland counties may be directly affected by these storms. When it comes to tropical systems there are always 3 main concerns: - Strong Wind- Flooding Rainfall- Storm Surge. These data and this approach taken to inform the public of storm surge risk are valuable HURRICANE IAN TRACKER: PROJECTED PATH, WATCHES AND WARNINGS, STORM SURGE, WINDS, RAINFALL TOTALS AND MORE The storm surge is the most devastating part of the hurricane, and is what causes such a great threat to life and property, usually more so than winds and rainfall. tide level, and storm direction. If so, you will want to know when there Read more, Who doesnt love Orlando! Florida: 120 hurricanes (37 were Category 3 through Category 5), Texas 64 hurricanes (19 were Category 3 through Category 5), North Carolina: 55 hurricanes (7 were Category 3 through Category 5), Louisiana: 54 hurricanes (17 were Category 3 through Category 5). Hurricane Ian made its final landfall Friday in South Carolina as a Category 1 storm. It wasn't even technically a hurricane by that point, but it still really messed things up. low-lying land elevations extending well inland. Water condenses out of the clouds as rain. It was a Cape Verde storm that developed off the coast of Africa on Aug. 23. South Carolina is one of the most vulnerable states in the nation to be impacted by hurricanes and tropical storms. In partnership with the Department of Earth and Environment/International Hurricane Research Center at the Florida International University, Employees earning more, So which town was named the richest in South Carolina? native grid cell size for that data is about 3m and for the purposes of this analysis, that data was resampled to a It did take Irene over 10 hours to move through North Carolina from its landfall at Cape Lookout and to its exit near Duck. analysis of this information are not the responsibility of the National Weather Service, National Hurricane area the size of a few counties to a few states. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) states that Ian made landfall in South Carolina just after 2pm on Friday, near Georgetown. So, if you want to protect yourself from a North Carolina hurricane, it is a good idea to move further inland. Lastly, provided should only be used as a tool for general education/awareness of the storm surge While that path varies from hurricane to hurricane, it is often the coastal states with heavily populated areas that bear the brunt of the destruction. By Kristine Cummings / August 15, 2022. Reporters across the NPR Network provide news that serves as a lifeline to affected communities during disasters and beyond. County officials holding town hall over possible rezoning of three northeast Richland properties, Pedestrian dead after crash on I-77 early Saturday morning, Elderly woman injured when tree falls through bedroom in Newberry, Large hail Sunday causes damage in the Midlands, Sizable hail falls across parts of Lexington, Saluda counties. When it crossed Columbia, almost 100 miles inland, it was still a category 2 hurricane. Teach all kids to call 911 if they need help. Granted, it did weaken into a strong tropical storm by the time it reached Raleigh, but it retained gusts of hurricane force. The spatial coverage for each SLOSH grid ranges from an The reason Katrina was so catastrophic for New Orleans was bc New Orleans has many parts below sea level and is shaped like a bowl. A hurricane can travel over 100 miles inland before weakening to become a tropical storm or depression. The maximum Class Value is 21, and inundation evacuation zones, then perhaps you can identify someone you care about who does live in an Society, titled "A National View of Storm Surge Risk and Inundation". Storm surge effects probably only less than 5 miles inland (main risk drowning), high winds could potentially reach 500 miles or more inland (main risk would be flying debris, falling trees/powerlines, and potential building damages). A 74 mph wind gust was recorded at Raleigh-Durham International Airport the morning of Sept. 6. will be updated as new SLOSH grids and DEM data are processed. SLOSH products exclude Website by, Local Emergency Planning Committee Handbook, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Reporting in South Carolina, South Carolina Operational Radiological Emergency Response Plan. are used to create a set of operational and planning products. of category, forward speed, storm direction, and tide level. How far inland is safe from a hurricane? 11691 SW 17th Street Michigan is generally safe from hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes. Many areas along the coast could also see up to 8 inches of rain, the office said. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland . Tropical Storm Ian will regain some of the power it lost passing over land as it, returning to hurricane status later Thursday, according to the National Hurricane Center. Where will Hurricane Ian go next? I try to get there at least every other year to check out the theme parks Read more, When you are planning on going to Mississippi and trying to figure out when to go, you might want to Read more, Thinking about visiting the Gulf Shores? of the forward speed, storm trajectory, or landfall location. NOAA/NESDIS/STAR National Hurricane Center each GIS file describing the data and its limitations. Notifications can be turned off anytime in the browser settings. In these Snow is considered rare, particularly along the sub-tropical Lowcountry coast. As of 11 a.m. In fact, North Carolina has been hit by more hurricanes than any other state except Florida. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit), Missouri University Of Science And Technology, State University Of New York Health Science Center At Brooklyn, Suny College Of Environmental Science And Forestry, The University Of North Carolina At Charlotte, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, The University Of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University Of Texas Medical Branch At Galveston, The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Uniformed Services University Of The Health Sciences, University At Buffalo Suny School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, University Of California, Los Angeles (Ucla), University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign, University Of Maryland Baltimore County (Umbc), University Of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, University Of Tennessee Health Science Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. SLOSH grids. was published in the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Journal of Weather, Climate and When Read more, There are certain things that are not immediately obvious about this state. The storm surge risk maps and GIS data (if a new version is available) It's easy to avoid floods by making sure you're not in or close to a flood zone. Hurricane force wind strength is rated according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. What is the safest city in SC? Of those systems, 131 have tracked into the state, 60 were a category 1 hurricane or higher, 43 made direct landfall on the coast and only four were major category 3 or higher landfalls. Six coastal counties border the Atlantic Ocean. and specific criteria for a particular region in addition to the storm surge hazard. Since 1950, we have seen 9 hurricanes make landfall in the Palmetto State. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. nhcwebmaster@noaa.gov, Central Pacific Hurricane Center should not be used to replace the maps used for hurricane evacuation zones. Michigan. How often do hurricanes hit Myrtle Beach SC? vulnerable to storm surge, find out today if you live in a hurricane storm surge evacuation "While we will not see the full force of Hurricane Ian the way Florida did, we could see high winds, rain, flash flooding and even tornadoes," S.C. A hurricane is characterized as a tropical weather system with wind power of a sustainable speed of 74 mph or higher. risk, they do not provide a seamless perspective of the hazard owing to the many discrete How far inland do hurricanes go in South Carolina? Power outages extensive, lasting weeks to months. Wave setup is The combination of storm surges and torrential rain could bring "considerable urban and flash flooding, especially Friday," according to the National Weather Service office in Charleston. What state gets hit by the most hurricanes? These floods account for more than 50 percent of hurricane-related deaths each year. Thanks! As Hurricane Florence approaches the U.S. coast, over a million people have been ordered to evacuate from barrier islands and low-lying areas from South Carolina to Virginia. This may be the eye of the storm hitting landfall, which means strong winds and rain will resume shortly. But when storm winds push up against the ocean surface, pulling up sea water, this forms a storm surge that piles on top of the normal tide. People walk to look at the ocean in Tybee Island, Ga., near Savannah, as the effects of Hurricane Ian reached the area early Thursday. Hurricane Ian strengthened into an "extremely dangerous" Category 4 storm, with maximum sustained winds at 140 mph, and is expected to cause life-threatening storm surge, catastrophic winds and. If a hurricane is predicted to make landfall in North Carolina, its usually during this time of year. When Is Hurricane Season In Turks And Caicos. dataset (, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) dataset (MEOWs) and Maximum of MEOWs (MOMs) are created to assess and visualize storm surge available in GeoTIFF (https://www.ogc.org/standards/geotiff/) Emergency Management Director Kim Stenson said. Over this time, To view storms within a given radius of a specific city or address, search the Hurricanes Database. While Floyd's winds were not as strong as Fran its heavy rain caused more deaths and destruction than Fran. It is a natural phenomenon that no one can predict and can happen any minute now. There are usually four to six hurricanes in the Atlantic each year, but three or less are common. potential storm surges are calculated. However, once a hurricane moves inland, it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. Make sure to have enough flashlights and batteries, stay away from candles as these could start a fire. The NHC provides two products based on hypothetical hurricanes: MEOWs and MOMs. The official start to the 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season is less than a month away, and with the forecast for another active year, now is the time to prepare. Wildfires are the most common natural hazards in South Carolina. The city was underwater for an entire month until the drainage symptoms were able to drain all the water. Hugo's powerful winds damaged over 4.5 million acres of forestland in South Carolina. simulate storm surge from tropical cyclones. For the 2022 season beginning June 1 and ending on November 30, NOAA scientists predict a likely range of 14 to 21 named storms (winds of 39 mph or higher), of which 6 to 10 could become hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or higher), including 3 to 6 major hurricanes (category 3, 4 or 5; with winds of 111 mph or higher). I am a Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army, and over the last 18 years, I have learned a lot about survival. When it comes to hurricanes in South Carolina, our coastline is relatively short compared to other states in the Southeast. How far inland do hurricanes go in South Carolina? In the time period of 1851-2020, 255 systems have impacted the state. SLOSH model Locate a safe room in your home, preferably in the basement or under a room under the stairs, stay away from windows. analysis. Hurricanes that do head to the U.S., often lose strength or dissipate before reaching the west coast due to cooler water and upper-level wind shears. A hurricane is dangerous no matter its size or strength. Storm Surge Risk Maps are provided for the U.S. Gulf and East Coasts, Hawaii, Southern California, U.S. territories - Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), specifically the National Any conclusions drawn from the Additional international areas that are mapped include Hispaniola and parts of the Yucatan Peninsula. 100,000 hypothetical storms simulated through each SLOSH grid of varying forward The most recent hurricane that came close to Myrtle Beach was Hurricane Irene on August 23, 2011. says Cangelosi. About Us Later on in the week, we will be talking more about how to actually prepare for these storms through planning as well as emergency kits so make sure to tune into News 19! One of them is whether it gets hurricanes Read more, Have you been thinking about a vacation to Aruba but not sure when the best time to go is. speed, radius of maximum wind, intensity (Categories 1-5), landfall location, How Do I Convince My Teacher I DidnT Cheat? High-quality maps are essential The data are Turn off gas to prevent leaks from occurring. Hurricane Fran in 1996 was just that kind of storm. First, the usable areas of the SLOSH grids were reduced to ignore spurious People who live near the coast or on coastal islands should always be prepared for hurricanes. Inland, the hurricane caused multiple flooded areas and uprooted trees. Hurricanes are dangerous and can cause major damage because of storm surge, wind damage, and flooding. The SLOSH basins used to create the storm surge risk maps. What Part Of South Carolina Is Safe From Hurricanes? The states longest distance from the ocean is about 300 miles, so hurricanes rarely move 100 miles inland. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. How far inland do hurricanes go in Texas? In winter, temperatures generally average 5 to 7C (40 to 45F) in inland areas, and 12 to 15C (55 to 60F) by the shore. The maps show that all coastal regions mapped are vulnerable to storm surge inundation, and the risk significantly increases with increasing hurricane category. Some areas could see a storm surge 4-7 feet above ground, it said. Most homes destroyed. vulnerable to storm surge and wave impacts. The publication is available online at Higher hurricanes are prone to weakening, so they might not make it inland much further than weaker hurricanes. What part of South Carolina gets the most tornadoes? make landfall in 5 to 10 mile increments along the coast within the SLOSH grid, and the to assist in a range of planning processes, risk assessment studies, and operational Resolution of TDX DEM is 0.4 arc seconds On average, the diameter of hurricane-force winds is about 100 miles. Hurricane Irene, in August of 2011, was an example of a unique storm that followed the forecast path but didnt really do what we expected. Occasionally, heavy rains will cause localized flooding. High tides carry storm surges higher and help send them further inland. The wind blows by a hurricane creates a large spiral around a very calm center, commonly known as the eye. A hurricane's high winds, storm surges, heavy rains and tornadoes all pose a threat to anything in the hurricane's path. Does all of South Carolina get hurricanes? We tracked that storm for 13 days and watched and waited as it closed in on Cape Fear as a Category 3 storm on the night of Sept. 5, a major hurricane with 115mph winds. Some natural disasters of this type are: The 1875 Ccuta earthquake. for storm surge modeling applications in island regions such as Puerto Rico, USVI, and Hawaii. Most people get out of the way of storm surge. carefully derived and high resolution inundation maps provide a means for effective risk communication and However, once a hurricane moves inland, it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), specifically the National Weather Service's (NWS) National Hurricane Center (NHC), utilizes the hydrodynamic Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes ( SLOSH) model to simulate storm surge from tropical cyclones. zone as prescribed by your local emergency management agency. both height and inland extent due to a wide and flat continental shelf over the majority of the region and A hurricane is characterized as a tropical weather system with wind power of a sustainable speed of 74 mph or higher. Major damage to house roof decking. South Carolina has averaged 11 tornadoes each year since 1950, resulting in 47 fatalities and 1,057 injuries. There were also 14 deaths attributed to Fran in North Carolina, most related to accidents from fallen trees, including trees falling on houses and automobile crashes into fallen trees. Hi there! Lasting between three and five days, it is rated as rated as one of the most intense hurricanes in U.S. Hurricane season in North Carolina lasts from June to November. the merged MOM grids were processed through Esri ArcGIS to subtract the land elevation and create a What Is The Best Island To Live On In South Carolina? In this location, SLOSH+Wave simulations It is protected by levees that are meant to stop the ocean from literally filling up that bowl. Figure 1 shows the SLOSH basins used to create the surge risk maps. Answer (1 of 6): There has been only three Cat 5 storms to hit the US while records have been kept. Hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean however, often pose a much greater threat. The earliest recorded hurricane to hit North Carolina was the 1755 Antigua Hurricane, which caused heavy damage. Colombia is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and Andean Volcanic Belt due to the collision of the South American Plate and the Nazca Plate. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days or weeks. This scale estimates potential property damage according to the hurricane's sustained wind speed. Adjust refrigerator temperatures to the coldest settings to reduce the potential for food spoiling if the power is temporarily lost. for the increase in the mean water level due to wave setup. The storm is expected to regain some strength over the Atlantic. One of the most devastating and potentially damaging weather catastrophes in the United States is a hurricane. Comprehensive metadata are provided with The three storms were Hurricane Hazel in 1954, which hit the North Carolina South Carolina state line; Hurricane Gracie in 1959, which hit Beaufort; and Hurricane Hugo in 1989 which hit the Isle of Palms. NWS If you live in a low-lying or flood prone area. A MEOW product is created for each combination MOMs are an ensemble product of maximum storm surge heights. Hurricanes & Tropical Storms. But there is a misconception that I can clear up: many people think hurricanes are defined by dumping a lot of rain onto land, which does happen. Fran was the second hurricane to slam into the North Carolina coast in the same season. How Often Do Hurricanes Occur In North Carolina? levels are based on storm surge scenarios in the referenced SLOSH MOM tide scenario. When Did Clemson Start Running Down The Hill? Which part of South Carolina is safest from hurricanes? Earthquakes. However once a hurricane moves inland it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. Fran left behind a staggering price tag of roughly $2.4 billion dollars of damage for North Carolina alone! Click your state below to view offers in your area. Copyright 2023 by Capitol Broadcasting Company. Each dataset contains an ESRI Yes, it does snow in South Carolina, but in much of the state, that snowfall is minimal. What Is The Minimum Salary For Exempt Employees In South Carolina? These SLOSH simulations were conducted to create MEOW and MOM products that account for the increase in the mean water level due to wave setup. If you live in a mobile home in a coastal area. create these maps are constrained by the extent of the SLOSH grids. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo brought gusts of nearly 100 miles per hour to Charlotte, North Carolina, 175 miles inland from landfall and caused significant damage as far away as West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland. Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model to + . you're instructed by your emergency manager to evacuate. Glossary, Privacy Policy With hurricane season less than a month away, we go over the typical impacts the state can see. However, once a hurricane moves inland, it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. Turn them on gradually to reduce damage to sensitive equipment. Choose a place like a building or a park outside your neighborhood. You may not be safe from rain and winds, though. beachfront problem, with the risk of storm surge extending many miles inland from the South Carolina (/ k r l a n / ()) is a state in the coastal Southeastern region of the United States.It is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River.South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state with a recorded population of 5,124,712 according to the . When it comes to hurricanes in South Carolina, our coastline is relatively short compared to other states in the Southeast. First published on Fri 30 Sep 2022 11.19 EDT The coast of South Carolina was hit on Friday with a direct strike from Hurricane Ian, the deadly mega-storm that carved a wide path of. The cusp, or crescent moon shape of the coast there, and the tendency of storms to curve to the north do give the region some protection, although its generally acknowledged that the Charleston area is the upper lip of it. Inland or coastal track, history shows hurricanes' impact on NC. Debris can break your houses, and theres a possibility of flashflood everywhere. Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, NASA, 17 Oct. 2012, www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-329. If there is anything you would like me to discuss, please feel free to reach out and request some articles. It can sweep and devastate all coastal communities in just one hit. Weather and climate South Carolina has a humid, sub-tropical climate, with long, hot summers and short, mild winters. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 200 miles inland. The following table breaks down the types of tropical cyclone events that affect North Carolina. How Far Inland Do Hurricanes Go In North Carolina? Those who have moved to North Carolina since 1996 need to especially take note as we are reminded by history of what a hurricane can do to our state, whether it be at the coast or farther inland. The entire risk associated with the results and performance of these data is assumed by the raw data was filtered to remove non-ground features. Two of them where in Florida (Andrew and the Labor Day Storm of 1935), and the other was Hurricane Camille on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 1969. The Atlantic hurricane season is June 1 to November 30 each year, but August and September are the most likely months for a hurricane to make landfall in South Carolina. Case in point: Hurricane Fran! The hazards, however, are not the same for all locations. When it crossed Columbia, almost 100 miles inland, it was still a category 2 hurricane. Sharing my knowledge is something I feel passionate about to help the Prepper community. While there are parts of North Carolina with generally low risk for hurricane damage (like the Piedmont), there are also areas with high risk for hurricane damage (like the Outer Banks). This site is owned and operated by SEOgine, LLC 2023, link to 10 Must-Have Pieces Of Clothing For A Zombie Apocalypse, link to Zombies Are Not Scared Of Water | 6 Facts About Zombies. Located in the Midwest, Michigan is one of the safest states from natural disasters as shown by data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The "1st round of coastal flooding" is expected to hit South Carolina with Thursday afternoon's high tide, the NWS office in Charleston reported. Almost two weeks after the storm, 150 secondary roads were still closed due to flooding and downed trees. This tool should be used strictly as a planning reference and storm surge risk awareness Monitor the radio or television for weather conditions and updates. Example video title will go here for this video. These are called MEOWs and no Zombies Scared Of Water There's no doubt that zombies nowadays are everywhere. if you live in a structure that is safe from the wind and outside of flood-prone areas. Figure 1: Track of Hurricane Fran (Coastal Services Center). Does it snow in South Carolina? you ask. Worried about hurricanes? A long stretch of the coast is under warning of a life-threatening storm surge, from Palm Coast, Fla., up through the entire shorelines of Georgia and South Carolina. Clothing To Wear During A Zombie Apocalypse Zombies have been a mainstay in many pop culture and movie references, not to mention a pile of horror and thriller books. "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale."
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